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A Bitcoin You Can Flip
Image by jurvetson
My son has become fascinated with bitcoins, and so I had to get him a tangible one for Xmas (thanks Sim1!). The public key is imprinted visibly on the tamper-evident holographic film, and the private key lies underneath.
I too was fascinated by digital cash back in college, and more specifically by the asymmetric mathematical transforms underlying public-key crypto and digital blind signatures.
I remembered a technical paper I wrote, but could not find it. A desktop search revealed an essay that I completely forgot, something that I had recovered from my archives of floppy discs (while I still could).
It is an article I wrote for the school newspaper in 1994. Ironically, Microsoft Word could not open this ancient Microsoft Word file format, but the free text editors could.
What a fun time capsule, below, with some choice naivetés…
I am trying to reconstruct what I was thinking, and wondering if it makes any sense. I think I was arguing that a bulletproof framework for digital cash (and what better testing ground) could be used to secure a digital container for executable code on a rental basis. So the expression of an idea — the specific code, or runtime service — is locked in a secure container. The idea would be to prevent copying instead of punishing after the fact. Micro-currency and micro-code seem like similar exercises in regulating the single use of an issued number.
Now that the Bitcoin experiment is underway, do you know of anyone writing about it as an alternative framework for intellectual property?
IP and Digital Cash
@NORMAL:
Digital Cash and the “Intellectual Property” Oxymoron
By Steve Jurvetson
Many of us will soon be working in the information services or technology industries which are currently tangled in a bramble patch of intellectual property law. As the law struggles to find coherency and an internally-consistent logic for intellectual property (IP) protection, digital encryption technologies may provide a better solution — from the perspective of reducing litigation, exploiting the inherent benefits of an information-based business model, and preserving a free economy of ideas.
Bullet-proof digital cash technology, which is now emerging, can provide a protected “cryptographic container” for intellectual expressions, thereby preserving traditional notions of intellectual property that protect specific instantiations of an idea rather than the idea itself. For example, it seems reasonable that Intuit should be able to protect against the widespread duplication of their Quicken software (the expression of an idea), but they should not be able to patent the underlying idea of single-entry bookkeeping. There are strong economic incentives for digital cash to develop and for those techniques to be adapted for IP protection — to create a protected container or expression of an idea. The rapid march of information technology has strained the evolution of IP law, but rather than patching the law, information technology itself may provide a more coherent solution.
Information Wants To Be Free
Currently, IP law is enigmatic because it is expanding to a domain for which it was not initially intended. In developing the U.S. Constitution, Thomas Jefferson argued that ideas should freely transverse the globe, and that ideas were fundamentally different from material goods. He concluded that “Inventions then cannot, in nature, be a subject of property.” The issues surrounding IP come into sharp focus as we shift to being more of an information-based economy.
The use of e-mail and local TV footage helps disseminate information around the globe and can be a force for democracy — as seen in the TV footage from Chechen, the use of modems in Prague during the Velvet Revolution, and the e-mail and TV from Tianammen Square. Even Gorbachev used a video camera to show what was happening after he was kidnapped. What appears to be an inherent force for democracy runs into problems when it becomes the subject of property.
As higher-level programming languages become more like natural languages, it will become increasingly difficult to distinguish the idea from the code. Language precedes thought, as Jean-Louis Gassée is fond of saying, and our language is the framework for the formulation and expression of our ideas. Restricting software will increasingly be indistinguishable from restricting freedom of speech.
An economy of ideas and human attention depends on the continuous and free exchange of ideas. Because of the associative nature of memory processes, no idea is detached from others. This begs the question, is intellectual property an oxymoron?
Intellectual Property Law is a Patch
John Perry Barlow, former Grateful Dead lyricist and co-founder (with Mitch Kapor) of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, argues that “Intellectual property law cannot be patched, retrofitted or expanded to contain digitized expression… Faith in law will not be an effective strategy for high-tech companies. Law adapts by continuous increments and at a pace second only to geology. Technology advances in lunging jerks. Real-world conditions will continue to change at a blinding pace, and the law will lag further behind, more profoundly confused. This mismatch may prove impossible to overcome.”
From its origins in the Industrial Revolution where the invention of tools took on a new importance, patent and copyright law has protected the physical conveyance of an idea, and not the idea itself. The physical expression is like a container for an idea. But with the emerging information superhighway, the “container” is becoming more ethereal, and it is disappearing altogether. Whether it’s e-mail today, or the future goods of the Information Age, the “expressions” of ideas will be voltage conditions darting around the net, very much like thoughts. The fleeting copy of an image in RAM is not very different that the fleeting image on the retina.
The digitization of all forms of information — from books to songs to images to multimedia — detaches information from the physical plane where IP law has always found definition and precedent. Patents cannot be granted for abstract ideas or algorithms, yet courts have recently upheld the patentability of software as long as it is operating a physical machine or causing a physical result. Copyright law is even more of a patch. The U.S. Copyright Act of 1976 requires that works be fixed in a durable medium, and where an idea and its expression are inseparable, the merger doctrine dictates that the expression cannot be copyrighted. E-mail is not currently copyrightable because it is not a reduction to tangible form. So of course, there is a proposal to amend these copyright provisions. In recent rulings, Lotus won its case that Borland’s Quattro Pro spreadsheet copied elements of Lotus 123’s look and feel, yet Apple lost a similar case versus Microsoft and HP. As Professor Bagley points out in her new text, “It is difficult to reconcile under the total concept and feel test the results in the Apple and Lotus cases.” Given the inconsistencies and economic significance of these issues, it is no surprise that swarms of lawyers are studying to practice in the IP arena.
Back in the early days of Microsoft, Bill Gates wrote an inflammatory “Open Letter to Hobbyists” in which he alleged that “most of you steal your software … and should be kicked out of any club meeting you show up at.” He presented the economic argument that piracy prevents proper profit streams and “prevents good software from being written.” Now we have Windows.
But seriously, if we continue to believe that the value of information is based on scarcity, as it is with physical objects, we will continue to patch laws that are contrary to the nature of information, which in many cases increases in value with distribution. Small, fast moving companies (like Netscape and Id) protect their ideas by getting to the marketplace quicker than their larger competitors who base their protection on fear and litigation.
The patent office is woefully understaffed and unable to judge the nuances of software. Comptons was initially granted a patent that covered virtually all multimedia technology. When they tried to collect royalties, Microsoft pushed the Patent Office to overturn the patent. In 1992, Software Advertising Corp received a patent for “displaying and integrating commercial advertisements with computer software.” That’s like patenting the concept of a radio commercial. In 1993, a DEC engineer received a patent on just two lines of machine code commonly used in object-oriented programming. CompuServe announced this month that they plan to collect royalties on the widely used GIF file format for images.
The Patent Office has issued well over 12,000 software patents, and a programmer can unknowingly be in violation of any them. Microsoft had to pay 0MM to STAC in February 1994 for violating their patent on data compression. The penalties can be costly, but so can a patent search. Many of the software patents don’t have the words “computer,” “software,” “program,” or “algorithm” in their abstracts. “Software patents turn every decision you make while writing a program into a legal risk,” says Richard Stallman, founder of the League for Programming Freedom. “They make writing a large program like crossing a minefield. Each step has a small chance of stepping on a patent and blowing you up.” The very notion of seventeen years of patent protection in the fast moving software industry seems absurd. MS-DOS did not exist seventeen years ago.
IP law faces the additional wrinkle of jurisdictional issues. Where has an Internet crime taken place? In the country or state in which the computer server resides? Many nations do not have the same intellectual property laws as the U.S. Even within the U.S., the law can be tough to enforce; for example, a group of music publishers sued CompuServe for the digital distribution of copyrighted music. A complication is that CompuServe has no knowledge of the activity since it occurs in the flood of bits transferring between its subscribers
The tension seen in making digital copies revolves around the issue of property. But unlike the theft of material goods, copying does not deprive the owner of their possessions. With digital piracy, it is less a clear ethical issue of theft, and more an abstract notion that you are undermining the business model of an artist or software developer. The distinction between ethics and laws often revolves around their enforceability. Before copy machines, it was hard to make a book, and so it was obvious and visible if someone was copying your work. In the digital age, copying is lightning fast and difficult to detect. Given ethical ambiguity, convenience, and anonymity, it is no wonder we see a cultural shift with regard to digital ethics.
Piracy, Plagiarism and Pilfering
We copy music. We are seldom diligent with our footnotes. We wonder where we’ve seen Strat-man’s PIE and the four slices before. We forward e-mail that may contain text from a copyrighted news publication. The SCBA estimates that 51% of satellite dishes have illegal descramblers. John Perry Barlow estimates that 90% of personal hard drives have some pirated software on them.
Or as last month’s Red Herring editorial points out, “this atmosphere of electronic piracy seems to have in turn spawned a freer attitude than ever toward good old-fashioned plagiarism.” Articles from major publications and WSJ columns appear and circulate widely on the Internet. Computer Pictures magazine replicated a complete article on multimedia databases from New Media magazine, and then publicly apologized.
Music and voice samples are an increasingly common art form, from 2 Live Crew to Negativland to local bands like Voice Farm and Consolidated. Peter Gabriel embraces the shift to repositioned content; “Traditionally, the artist has been the final arbiter of his work. He delivered it and it stood on its own. In the interactive world, artists will also be the suppliers of information and collage material, which people can either accept as is, or manipulate to create their own art. It’s part of the shift from skill-based work to decision-making and editing work.”
But many traditionalists resist the change. Museums are hesitant to embrace digital art because it is impossible to distinguish the original from a copy; according to a curator at the New Museum of Contemporary Art, “The art world is scared to death of this stuff.” The Digital Audio Tape debate also illustrated the paranoia; the music industry first insisted that these DAT recorders had to purposely introduce static into the digital copies they made, and then they settled for an embedded code that limited the number of successive copies that could be made from the a master source.
For a healthier reaction, look at the phenomenally successful business models of Mosaic/Netscape and Id Software, the twisted creator of Doom. Just as McAfee built a business on shareware, Netscape and Id encourage widespread free distribution of their product. But once you want support from Netscape, or the higher levels of the Doom game, then you have to pay. For industries with strong demand-side economies of scale, such as Netscape web browsers or Safe-TCL intelligent agents, the creators have exploited the economies of information distribution. Software products are especially susceptible to increasing returns with scale, as are networking products and most of the information technology industries.
Yet, the Software Publishers Association reports that 1993 worldwide losses to piracy of business application software totaled .45 billion. They also estimated that 89% of software units in Korea were counterfeit. And China has 29 factories, some state-owned, that press 75 million pirated CDs per year, largely for export. GATT will impose the U.S. notions of intellectual property on a world that sees the issue very differently.
Clearly there are strong economic incentives to protect intellectual property, and reasonable arguments can be made for software patents and digital copyright, but the complexities of legal enforcement will be outrun and potentially obviated by the relatively rapid developments of another technology, digital cash and cryptography.
Digital Cash and the IP Lock
Digital cash is in some ways an extreme example of digital “property” — since it cannot be copied, it is possessed by one entity at a time, and it is static and non-perishable. If the techniques for protecting against pilferage and piracy work in the domain of cash, then they can be used to “protect” other properties by being embedded in them. If I wanted to copy-protect an “original” work of digital art, digital cash techniques be used as the “container” to protect intellectual property in the old style. A bullet-proof digital cash scheme would inevitably be adapted by those who stand to gain from the current system. Such as Bill Gates.
Several companies are developing technologies for electronic commerce. On January 12, several High-Tech Club members attended the Cybermania conference on electronic commerce with the CEOs of Intuit, CyberCash, Enter TV and The Lightspan Partnership. According to Scott Cook, CEO of Intuit, the motivations for digital cash are anonymity and efficient small-transaction Internet commerce. Anonymity preserves our privacy in the age of increasingly intrusive “database marketing” based on credit card purchase patterns and other personal information. Of course, it also has tax-evasion implications. For Internet commerce, cash is more efficient and easier to use than a credit card for small transactions.
“A lot of people will spend nickels on the Internet,” says Dan Lynch of CyberCash. Banks will soon exchange your current cash for cyber-tokens, or a “bag of bits” which you can spend freely on the Internet. A competitor based in the Netherlands called DigiCash has a Web page with numerous articles on electronic money and fully functional demo of their technology. You can get some free cash from them and spend it at some of their allied vendors.
Digital cash is a compelling technology. Wired magazine calls it the “killer application for electronic networks which will change the global economy.” Handling and fraud costs for the paper money system are growing as digital color copiers and ATMs proliferate. Donald Gleason, President of the Smart Card Enterprise unit of Electronic Payment Services argues that “Cash is a nightmare. It costs money handlers in the U.S. alone approximately billion a year to move the stuff… Bills and coinage will increasingly be replaced by some sort of electronic equivalent.” Even a Citibank VP, Sholom Rosen, agrees that “There are going to be winners and losers, but everybody is going to play.”
The digital cash schemes use a blind digital signature and a central repository to protect against piracy and privacy violations. On the privacy issue, the techniques used have been mathematically proven to be protected against privacy violations. The bank cannot trace how the cash is being used or who is using it. Embedded in these schemes are powerful digital cryptography techniques which have recently been spread in the commercial domain (RSA Data Security is a leader in this field and will be speaking to the High Tech Club on January 19).
To protect against piracy requires some extra work. As soon as I have a digital bill on my Mac hard drive, I will want to make a copy, and I can. (Many companies have busted their picks trying to copy protect files from hackers. It will never work.). The difference is that I can only spend the bill once. The copy is worthless. This is possible because every bill has a unique encrypted identifier. In spending the bill, my computer checks with the centralized repository which verifies that my particular bill is still unspent. Once I spend it, it cannot be spent again. As with many electronic transactions today, the safety of the system depends on the integrity of a centralized computer, or what Dan Lynch calls “the big database in the sky.”
One of the most important limitations of the digital cash techniques is that they are tethered to a transaction between at least three parties — a buyer, seller and central repository. So, to use such a scheme to protect intellectual property, would require networked computers and “live” files that have to dial up and check in with the repository to be operational. There are many compelling applications for this, including voter registration, voting tabulation, and the registration of digital artwork originals.
When I asked Dan Lynch about the use of his technology for intellectual property protection, he agreed that the bits that now represent a bill could be used for any number of things, from medical records to photographs. A digital photograph could hide a digital signature in its low-order bits, and it would be imperceptible to the user. But those bits could be used with a registry of proper image owners, and could be used to prove misappropriation or sampling of the image by others.
Technology author Steven Levy has been researching cryptography for Wired magazine, and he responded to my e-mail questions with the reply “You are on the right track in thinking that crypto can preserve IP. I know of several attempts to forward plans to do so.” Digital cash may provide a “crypto-container” to preserve traditional notions of intellectual property.
The transaction tether limits the short-term applicability of these schemes for software copy protection. They won’t work on an isolated computer. This certainly would slow its adoption for mobile computers since the wireless networking infrastructure is so nascent. But with Windows ’95 bundling network connectivity, soon most computers will be network-ready — at least for the Microsoft network. And now that Bill Gates is acquiring Intuit, instead of dollar bills, we will have Bill dollars.
The transaction tether is also a logistical headache with current slow networks, which may hinder its adoption for mass-market applications. For example, if someone forwards a copyrighted e-mail, the recipient may have to have their computer do the repository check before they could see the text of the e-mail. E-mail is slow enough today, but in the near future, these techniques of verifying IP permissions and paying appropriate royalties in digital cash could be background processes on a preemptive multitasking computer (Windows ’95 or Mac OS System 8). The digital cash schemes are consistent with other trends in software distribution and development — specifically software rental and object-oriented “applets” with nested royalty payments. They are also consistent with the document-centric vision of Open Doc and OLE.
The user of the future would start working on their stationary. When it’s clear they are doing some text entry, the word processor would be downloaded and rented for its current usage. Digital pennies would trickle back to the people who wrote or inspired the various portions of the core program. As you use other software applets, such as a spell-checker, it would be downloaded as needed. By renting applets, or potentially finer-grained software objects, the licensing royalties would be automatically tabulated and exchanged, and software piracy would require heroic efforts. Intellectual property would become precisely that — property in a market economy, under lock by its “creator,” and Bill Gates’ 1975 lament over software piracy may now be addressed 20 years later.
——–end of paper———–
On further reflection, I must have been thinking of executable code (where the runtime requires a cloud connect to authenticate) and not passive media. Verification has been a pain, but perhaps it’s seamless in a web-services future. Cloud apps and digital cash depend on it, so why not the code itself.
I don’t see it as particularly useful for still images (but it could verify the official owner of any unique bundle of pixels, in the sense that you can "own" a sufficiently large number, but not the essence of a work of art or derivative works). Frankly, I’m not sure about non-interactive content in general, like pure video playback. "Fixing" software IP alone would be a big enough accomplishment.
Close up of flower of Hibiscus sabdariffa … Chụp gần hoa Bụp Giấm …
Image by Vietnam Plants & The USA. plants
Vietnamese named : Bụp giấm, Lá Giấm, rau Chua
English names : Roselle, Rosella, Flor de Jamaica ( Mexico ),
Scientist name : Hibiscus sabdariffa ( L. )
Synonyms :
Family : Malvaceae. Họ Dâm Bụt ( Họ Bông Bụp )
Searched from :
**** TÀI NGUYÊN DI TRUYỀN THỰC VẬT VIETNAM
www.pgrvietnam.org.vn/index.asp?m=07&ClassID=4&by…
I. Nguồn gốc và phân bố
Cây rau chua (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) thuộc họ bông (Malvaceae), có nguồn gốc Đông Nam Á, phân bố rải rác ở một số vùng của Indonesia, Thái Lan, Ấn Độ, Bănglađet và Malaysia.
Ở Việt Nam, theo kết quả điều tra của Trung tâm Tài nguyên thực vật, Hibiscus sabdariffa L. ngoài tên phổ biến là rau Chua, còn có các tên địa phương khác như cây Giấm, Đay Nhật, Bụt Giấm, Giền Cá, Giền Chua… phân bố khá rộng từ các tỉnh trung du miền núi phía bắc như Hoà Bình, Lào Cai, Quảng Ninh, có ở vùng trung bộ như Thanh Hoá, Nghệ An, cao nguyên Lâm Đồng đến tận Kiên Giang, Cần Thơ.
II. Đặc điểm sinh học và yêu cầu sinh thái
Đặc điểm sinh học
Rau chua là cây hàng năm, dạng nửa bụi, cao trung bình 2m, nếu chăm bón tốt có thể đạt 3m. Cây phân nhánh nhiều, thân có màu tía hoặc đỏ, có phủ lớp lông ngắn.
– Lá: Lá có dạng hình tim tròn (dài/rộng lá: 0,9-1,0), màu xanh đậm hoặc đỏ tía, lá nhẵn, xẻ thuỳ sâu với 3-5 thuỳ thon nhọn, mép lá có răng cưa, gân phía dưới lá màu tía, cuống lá dài 6-14cm thường màu tía.
– Hoa mọc ở nách lá, cuống ngắn, hoa có 8-12 lá đài phụ. Đài phụ mập màu đỏ đậm ăn có vị rất chua. Cánh hoa vàng, đỏ hay tía với tâm đỏ đậm. Phấn hoa màu vàng.
– Quả nang hình nón thuôn, dài khoảng 2cm, có lông bao phủ. Quả có 5 ngăn chứa 15 – 17 hạt/quả. Quả khi chín dễ bị nứt, phát tán mạnh. Số quả trên cây biến động trong khoảng 400-700 tuỳ thuộc giống và điều kiện chăm sóc.
– Hạt màu xám có dạng tròn hoặc tròn lệch. Khối lượng 100 hạt biến động trong khoảng 0,95g-2,5g tuỳ giống. Cây ra hoa 50% sau trồng 120-150 ngày.
Hiện tại trong Ngân hàng gen cây trồng Quốc gia có 14 giống rau chua. Các giống này được phân thành 3 nhóm chính: thân tía, lá xanh hoa vàng; thân đỏ tía, lá đỏ tía, hoa đỏ; thân đỏ tía, lá xanh, hoa đỏ tía. Ba nhóm giống khác nhau về thời gian ra hoa, độ phân nhánh và năng suất lá cũng như năng suất quả.
Yêu cầu sinh thái
Rau chua ưa nóng, ẩm, lúc gieo hạt và nảy mầm cần nhiệt độ 16-180C, thời kỳ thân lá phát triển cần nhiệt độ 25-380C, dưới 140C cây không nảy mầm, trên 380C cây ngừng sinh trưởng. Thời kỳ ra hoa kết quả cần nhiệt độ 25-300C.
Lượng mưa trung bình hàng năm 1500mm.
Cây cần nhiều đạm và kali để cho năng suất lá, hoa cao. Cây chịu hạn khá, có thể chịu ngập thời gian ngắn.
Cây Rau chua có tính kháng sâu bệnh cao. Trong nhiều năm nghiên cứu tại Trung tâm Tài nguyên thực vật, hầu như không thấy xuất hiện sâu bệnh hại.
III. Công dụng
Rau chua là loại cây đa dụng, được sử dụng hầu hết các bộ phận của cây với nhiều công dụng khác nhau:
– Hoa làm dược liệu chữa nhiều bệnh như cao huyết áp, tiểu đường, suy thận, suy tim, hạn chế cholesterol trong máu.
– Lá, chồi non và đài hoa tươi dùng làm rau xanh nấu canh chua, là gia vị, ăn sống, xào nấu rất ngon, hoa có thể sản xuất thành nước giải khát giải nhiệt, chế rượu vang, trà túi Hibiscus thanh nhiệt.
– Hạt ép lấy dầu ăn, sản xuất nhiên liệu thay xăng, làm thức ăn chăn nuôi gia cầm rất tốt; thân có thể lấy sợi để dệt vải, bện thừng.
Nhu cầu của thị trường thế giới về loại cây này rất cao: Hoa Kỳ là nước nhập khẩu lớn nhất, bình quân mỗi năm nhập khoảng 5.000 tấn, giá cả giao động tùy theo nước và mùa vụ từ 4000-5000USD/tấn từ các nguồn cung cấp chủ yếu ở Trung Quốc, Thái Lan, Sudan, Mexica, Ai Cập, Senegan, Tanzania, Mali, Việt Nam và Jamaica.
IV. Kỹ thuật gieo trồng
1. Thời vụ
Có thể trồng từ tháng 3 đến tháng 10, các tỉnh phía bắc trồng tốt nhất tháng 5-6.
2. Giống
Hiện có 2 giống tốt nhất là có thân tía, lá xanh cho năng suất quả và lá cao hơn so với giống có thân và lá màu tía hoặc đỏ.
Bà con và các địa phương có thể nhận miễn phí hạt giống theo Qui định từ Trung tâm Tài nguyên thực vật tại địa chỉ: xã An Khánh, huyện Hoài Đức, Hà Nội, ĐT: 0433656605
3. Gieo trồng và chăm sóc
Chọn đất cát pha, thịt nhẹ và trung bình, giàu chất hữu cơ, pH 6-7, mực nước ngầm dưới 60 cm. Đất cày bừa kỹ, nhặt sạch cỏ dại, lên luống rộng 1-1,5m. Rau chua chủ yếu nhân giống bằng gieo hạt. Bổ hốc thành 2 hàng trên mặt luống với khoảng cách 80cm x 60cm (khoảng 20.000-22.000 cây/ha). Tra hạt theo hốc ở độ sâu 2-2,5 cm, mỗi hốc gieo 2-3 hạt sau đó tỉa để lại 1 cây khoẻ nhất. Sau khi phủ đất nên phủ thêm một lớp trấu, rơm rạ và Lượng phân bón tưới đủ ẩm.
Lượng phân bón:
Tuỳ điều kiện canh tác và mục đích thu sản phẩm lá, hoa hay quả mà chọn lượng phân bón hợp lý. Để thu lá và đài hoa, lượng phân bón cho 1ha có thể là: phân chuồng 15-20 tấn, phân hoá học: 150-200N: 80-100P205: 80-100K20.
Cách bón:
– Bón lót toàn bộ phân chuồng, phân lân và 1/3 số phân kali
– Bón thúc 2-3 đợt
+ Lần 1: sau trồng 25-30 ngày với 1/3 đạm
+ Lần 2: khi cây bắt đầu có nụ: 1/3 đạm + 1/3 kali
+ Lần 3: sau khi thu lứa quả đầu tiên: 1/3 đạm +1/3 kali. Thường xuyên xới xáo, làm cỏ tưới nước kết hợp bón thúc để vun gốc cho cây.
4. Thu hoạch
Có thể thu hoạch lá và ngọn để làm rau ăn sau gieo khoảng 2 tháng; thu đài hoa, nụ sau 4 tháng và thu liên tục trong nhiều tháng. Bộ phận dùng làm thuốc là hoa, thu hái vào mùa thu, lúc các lá đài còn mềm, không bị nhăn héo và có màu đỏ sẫm. Hoa chỉ nên thu hái trong vòng 15-20 ngày sau khi hoa nở, vì để lâu dược liệu sẽ kém phẩm chất.
PGS.TS. Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Huệ
**** THAOMOC.COM.VN
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Để so sánh tác dụng chống chứng tăng huyết áp của trà chua (sour tea ST; Hibiscus sabdariffa) với trà đen (BT) trên các bệnh nhân tiểu đường, một thí nghiệm ngẫu nhiên có loại trừ được tiến hành. 60 bệnh nhân tiểu đường có chứng tăng huyết áp trung bình, không dùng bất kỳ loại thuốc chống chúng tăng huyết áp nào, được tuyển vào nghiên cứu. Các bệnh nhân này được chỉ định ngẫu nhiên vào nhóm trà chua (ST) và trà đen (BT) và được hướng dẫn uống trà chua và trà đen 2 lần một ngày trong vòng 1 tháng.
Huyết áp được đo vào các ngày đầu tiên – ngày 15 và 30 của cuộc nghiên cứu. Kết quả là huyết áp tâm thu (systolic blood pressure – SBP) của nhóm uống trà chua giảm từ 134,4 ± 11,8 mmHg lúc bắt đầu cuộc nghiên cứu, xuống còn 112,7 ± 5,7 mmHg sau 1 tháng, trong khi đó, con số là 118,6±14,9 lên 127,3 ± 8,7 mmHg ở nhóm uống trà đen trong cùng 1 khoảng thời gian. Hầu như không có tác dụng rõ rệt này ảnh hưởng lên huyết áp tâm trương trong cả hai nhóm ST và BT.
Nguồn : www.nature.com/jhh/journal/v23/n1/full/jhh2008100a.html#top
**** TRUNG TÂM DỮ LIỆU THỰC VẬT VIETNAM
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Cây Bụp giấm tuy là cây nhập ngoại, nhưng nó hợp với đất đồi núi Việt Nam (đất tận dụng) mà nơi đó trồng cây khác kém hiệu quả. Cây dễ trồng, ưa nắng, có sức sống mãnh liệt, lại mang đến cho chúng ta biết bao nhiêu lợi ích, mở ra một tiềm năng lớn trong lĩnh vực dược phẩm, thực phẩm, mỹ phẩm. Sản phẩm đầu tiên trà, nước cốt quả, rượu vang Hibiscus đã có mặt trên thị trường, chắc chắn sẽ đáp ứng phần nào nhu cầu của người tiêu dùng đối với một loại cây thảo dược quý.
Thông tin chung
Tên thường gọi: Bụp giấm
Tên khác: Hoa lạc thần, Lạc thần quỳ, Mai côi gia, Sơn gia, Lạc tể quỳ, Đay nhật,
Tên tiếng Anh:
Tên la tinh: Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn., gồm 2 thứ là Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. var. sabdariffa và Hisbiscus sabdariffa Linn. var. altissima.
Tên đồng nghĩa: Abelmoschus cruentus, Hibiscus digitatus, Hibiscus gossypiifolius, Hibiscus sanguineus, Sabdariffa rubra
Thuộc họ Bông – Malvaceae
Mô tả
Cây bụi, cao 1 – 2 m. Thân màu lục hay đỏ tía, phân cành ở gốc. Cành nhẵn hoặc hơi có lông. Lá mọc so le, lá ở gốc nguyên, lá phía trên chia 3 – 5 thùy, hình chân vịt, mép có răng cưa.
Hoa to mọc riêng lẻ ở kẽ lá, màu vàng, ở giữa màu đỏ tím sẫm; đài phụ (tiểu đài) gồm 8 – 12 cánh hẹp, phần dưới dính liền, có lông nhỏ, nở xoè ra và gập xuống; đài chính to, các lá đài dày, nhọn đầu, mọng nước màu đỏ tía.
Quả nang, hình trứng, nhọn đầu, có lông mịn, mang đài tồn tại; hạt nhiều, màu đen.
Mùa hoa quả: tháng 7 – 10.
Theo tài liệu nước ngoài, tuỳ theo mục đích sử dụng, người ta phân loại bụp giấm thành hai thứ: Hibiscus sabdariffa L. var. sabdariffa (trồng để lấy đài ăn và làm thuốc) và Hisbiscus sabdariffa L. var. altissima (chủ yếu để lấy sợi bện thừng).
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**** WIKI
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roselle_(plant)
The roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) is a species of Hibiscus native to the Old World tropics, used for the production of bast fibre and as an infusion. It is an annual or perennial herb or woody-based subshrub, growing to 2–2.5 m (7–8 ft) tall. The leaves are deeply three- to five-lobed, 8–15 cm (3–6 in) long, arranged alternately on the stems.
The flowers are 8–10 cm (3–4 in) in diameter, white to pale yellow with a dark red spot at the base of each petal, and have a stout fleshy calyx at the base, 1–2 cm (0.39–0.79 in) wide, enlarging to 3–3.5 cm (1.2–1.4 in), fleshy and bright red as the fruit matures. It takes about six months to mature.
Uses
The plant is considered to have antihypertensive properties. Primarily, the plant is cultivated for the production for bast fibre from the stem of the plant. The fibre may be used as a substitute for jute in making burlap [1]. Hibiscus, specifically Roselle, has been used in folk medicine as a diuretic, mild laxative, and treatment for cardiac and nerve diseases and cancer.[2]
The red calyces of the plant are increasingly exported to America and Europe, where they are used as food colourings. Germany is the main importer. It can also be found in markets (as flowers or syrup) in some places such as France, where there are Senegalese immigrant communities. The green leaves are used like a spicy version of spinach. They give flavour to the Senegalese fish and rice dish thiéboudieune. Proper records are not kept, but the Senegalese government estimates national production and consumption at 700 t (770 short tons) per year. Also in Myanmar their green leaves are the main ingredient in making chin baung kyaw curry.
In East Africa, the calyx infusion, called "Sudan tea", is taken to relieve coughs. Roselle juice, with salt, pepper, asafetida and molasses, is taken as a remedy for biliousness.
The heated leaves are applied to cracks in the feet and on boils and ulcers to speed maturation. A lotion made from leaves is used on sores and wounds. The seeds are said to be diuretic and tonic in action and the brownish-yellow seed oil is claimed to heal sores on camels. In India, a decoction of the seeds is given to relieve dysuria, strangury and mild cases of dyspepsia. Brazilians attribute stomachic, emollient and resolutive properties to the bitter roots
Leafy vegetable/Greens
In Andhra cuisine, Hibiscus cannabinus, called Gongura, is extensively used. The leaves are steamed along with lentils and consumed as Dal. They are also mixed with spices and made into a Pacchadi.
In Africa, especially the Sahel, roselle is commonly used to make a sugary herbal tea that is commonly sold on the street. The dried flowers can be found in every market. Roselle tea is also quite common in Italy where it spread during the first decades of the 20th century as a typical product of the italian colonies. The Carib Brewery Trinidad Limited, a Trinidad and Tobago brewery, produces a Shandy Sorrel in which the tea is combined with beer.
In Thailand, Roselle is drunk as a tea, believed to also reduce cholesterol. It can also be made into a wine – Hibiscus flowers are commonly found in commercial herbal teas, especially teas advertised as berry-flavoured, as they give a bright red colouring to the drink.
Beverage
In the Caribbean sorrel drink is made from sepals of the roselle. In Malaysia, roselle calyces are harvested fresh to produce pro-health drink due to high contents of vitamin C and anthocyanins. In Mexico, ‘agua de Flor de Jamaica’ (water flavored with roselle) frequently called "agua de Jamaica" is most often homemade. Also, since many untrained consumers mistake the calyces of the plant to be dried flowers, it is widely, but erroneously, believed that the drink is made from the flowers of the non-existent "Jamaica plant". It is prepared by boiling dried calyces of the Flower of Jamaica plant in water for 8 to 10 minutes (or until the water turns red), then adding sugar. It is often served chilled. This is also done in Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago where it is called ‘sorrel’. The drink is one of several inexpensive beverages (aguas frescas) commonly consumed in Mexico and Central America, and they are typically made from fresh fruits, juices or extracts. A similar thing is done in Jamaica but additional flavor is added by using ginger and rum, it is a popular drink of the country at Christmas time. It is also very popular in Trinidad & Tobago but the ginger is substituted for cinnamon and cloves for added flavour. In Mali, Senegal, The Gambia, Burkina Faso and Benin calyces are used to prepare cold, sweet drinks popular in social events, often mixed with mint leaves, dissolved menthol candy, and/or various fruit flavors. The Middle Eastern and Sudanese drink "Karkade"(كركديه) is a cold drink made by soaking the dried Karkade flowers in cold water over night in a refrigerator with sugar and some lemon or lime juice added.It is then consumed with or without ice cubes after the flowers have been strained.In Lebanon, sometimes toasted pine nuts are tossed into the drink.
With the advent in the U.S. of interest in south-of-the-border cuisine, the calyces are sold in bags usually labeled "Flor de Jamaica" and have long been available in health food stores in the U.S. for making a tea that is high in vitamin C. This drink is particularly good for people who have a tendency, temporary or otherwise, toward water retention: it is a mild diuretic.
In addition to being a popular homemade drink, Jarritos, a popular brand of Mexican soft drinks, makes a Flor de Jamaica flavored carbonated beverage. Imported Jarritos can be readily found in the U.S.
In the UK the dried calyces and ready-made sorrel syrup are widely and cheaply available in Caribbean and Asian grocers. The fresh calyces are imported mainly during December and January in order to make Christmas and New Year infusions, which are often made into cocktails with additional rum. They are very perishable, rapidly developing fungal rot, and need to be used soon after purchase – unlike the dried product, which has a long shelf-life.
Jam and preserves
In Australia, rosella jam has been made since Colonial times and is still sold regularly at community fetes and charity stalls. It is similar in flavour to plum jam, although more acidic.
Medicinal uses
Many parts of the plant are also claimed to have various medicinal values. They have been used for such purposes ranging from Mexico through Africa and India to Thailand. Roselle is associated with traditional medicine and is reported to be used as treatment for several diseases such as hypertension and urinary tract infections.
Phytochemicals
The plants are rich in anthocyanins, as well as protocatechuic acid. The dried calyces contain the flavonoids gossypetin, hibiscetine and sabdaretine. The major pigment, formerly reported as hibiscin, has been identified as daphniphylline. Small amounts of myrtillin (delphinidin 3-monoglucoside), Chrysanthenin (cyanidin 3-monoglucoside), and delphinidin are also present.
Production
China and Thailand are the largest producers and control much of the world supply. Thailand invested heavily in roselle production and their product is of superior quality, whereas China’s product, with less stringent quality control practices, is less reliable and reputable. The world’s best roselle comes from the Sudan, but the quantity is low and poor processing hampers quality. Mexico, Egypt, Senegal, Tanzania, Mali and Jamaica are also important suppliers but production is mostly used domestically.[4]
In the Indian subcontinent (especially in the Ganges Delta region), roselle is cultivated for vegetable fibres. Roselle is called meśta (or meshta, the ś indicating an sh sound) in the region. Most of its fibres are locally consumed. However, the fibre (as well as cuttings or butts) from the roselle plant has great demand in various natural fibre using industries.
Roselle is a relatively new crop to create an industry in Malaysia. It was introduced in early 1990s and its commercial planting was first promoted in 1993 by the Department of Agriculture in Terengganu. The planted acreage was 12.8 ha (30 acres) in 1993, but had steadily increased to peak at 506 ha (1,000 acres) in 2000. The planted area is now less than 150 ha (400 acres) annually, planted with two main varieties.[citation needed] Terengganu state used to be the first and the largest producer, but now the production has spread more to other states. Despite the dwindling hectarage over the past decade or so, roselle is becoming increasingly known to the general population as an important pro-health drink in the country. To a small extent, the calyces are also processed into sweet pickle, jelly and jam.
Crop research
In the initial years, limited research work were conducted by Universiti Malaya (UM) and Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI). Research work at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) was initiated in 1999. In many respect, the amount of research work is still considered meagre in supporting a growing roselle industry in Malaysia.
Crop genetic resources & improvement
Genetic variation is important for plant breeders to increase the crop productivity. Being an introduced species in Malaysia, there is a very limited number of germplasm accessions available for breeding. At present, UKM maintains a working germplasm collection, and also conducts agronomic research and crop improvement.
Mutation breeding
Genetic variation is important for plant breeders to increase its productivity. Being an introduced crop species in Malaysia, there is a limited number of germplasm accessions available for breeding. Furthermore, conventional hybridization is difficult to carry out in roselle due to its cleistogamous nature of reproduction. Because of this, a mutation breeding programme was initiated to generate new genetic variability [5] The use of induced mutations for its improvement was initiated in 1999 in cooperation with MINT (now called Malaysian Nuclear Agency), and has produced some promising breeding lines. Roselle is a tetraploid species; thus, segregating populations require longer time to achieve fixation as compared to diploid species. In April 2009, UKM launched three new varieties named UKMR-1, UKMR-2 and UKMR-3, respectively. These three new varieties were developed using variety Arab as the parent variety in a mutation breeding programme which started in 2006.
Natural outcrossing under local conditions
A study was conducted to estimate the amount of outcrossing under local conditions in Malaysia. It was found that outcrossing occurred at a very low rate of about 0.02%. However, this rate is much lower in comparison to estimates of natural cross-pollination of between 0.20% and 0.68% as reported in Jamaica.
**** HORT PURDUE EDU.
www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/roselle.html
**** PFAF
www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hibiscus+sabdariffa
**** www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17315307
Planta Med. 2007 Jan;73(1):6-12.
Clinical effects produced by a standardized herbal medicinal product of Hibiscus sabdariffa on patients with hypertension. A randomized, double-blind, lisinopril-controlled clinical trial.
Herrera-Arellano A, Miranda-Sánchez J, Avila-Castro P, Herrera-Alvarez S, Jiménez-Ferrer JE, Zamilpa A, Román-Ramos R, Ponce-Monter H, Tortoriello J.
Source
Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Argentina, México. armandoha_mx@yahoo.com.mx
Abstract
Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Malvaceae) has been used in different countries as an antihypertensive. Pharmacological work has demonstrated that this effect is probably produced by a diuretic activity and inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Two clinical trials have confirmed the antihypertensive effect using watery infusions, in which a natriuretic effect was also detected. To compare therapeutic effectiveness, tolerability, and safety, as well as the effect on serum electrolytes and the ACE inhibitory effect of a herbal medicinal product prepared from the dried extract of H. sabdariffa calyxes (HsHMP) with those of lisinopril on patients with hypertension (HT), a randomized, controlled, and double-blind clinical trial was conducted. Patients of either sex, 25 – 61 years of age, with hypertension stage I or II, were daily treated for 4 weeks with the HsHMP, 250 mg of total anthocyanins per dose (experimental group), or 10 mg of lisinopril (control group). Outcome variables included effectiveness (diastolic blood pressure [DBP] reduction, >or= 10 mmHg), safety (absence of pathological modifications in the biochemical tests of hepatic and renal function), tolerability (absence of intense side effects), effect on serum electrolytes, and effect on ACE activity. Basal analysis included 193 subjects (100 in the experimental group), while outcome variable analysis integrated 171. Results showed that the experimental treatment decreased blood pressure (BP) from 146.48/97.77 to 129.89/85.96 mmHg, reaching an absolute reduction of 17.14/11.97 mmHg (11.58/12.21%, p < 0.05). The experimental treatment showed therapeutic effectiveness of 65.12 % as well as tolerability and safety of 100 %. BP reductions and therapeutic effectiveness were lower than those obtained with lisinopril (p < 0.05). Under the experimental treatment, the serum chlorine level increased from 91.71 to 95.13 mmol/L (p = 0.0001), the sodium level showed a tendency to decrease (from 139.09 to 137.35, p = 0.07), while potassium level was not modified. ACE plasmatic activity was inhibited by HsHMP from 44.049 to 30.1 Units (Us; p = 0.0001). In conclusion, the HsHMP exerted important antihypertensive effectiveness with a wide margin of tolerability and safety, while it also significantly reduced plasma ACE activity and demonstrated a tendency to reduce serum sodium (Na) concentrations without modifying potassium (K) levels. Further studies are necessary for evaluating the dose-dependency of HsHMP and for detecting lower effective doses.
**** www.stuartxchange.com/Roselle.html
Botany
Roselle is an erect, branched, nearly smooth annual herb, 1 to 2 meters in height. Stems are purplish. Leaves are 8 to 12 centimeters long, variable in shape, entire or deeply 3- or 5-lobed, the lobes oblong to oblong-lanceolate. Calyx is somewhat hairy, lobes are pointed, connate below the middle, forming a fleshy cup. Corolla is pink with a dark center, about 5 centimeters long. Fruit is ovoid, pointed, hairy, about 2.5 centimeters long, enclosed by a fleshy and enlarged calyx.
Distribution
– Planted for ornamental purposes and its edible calyces.
– Not spontaneous.
– Introduce post-Spanish colonization.
– Native of tropical Africa.
– Now pantropic..
Constituents
• The dried calyces yield among others: cellulose, insoluble and soluble ash, tartaric acid, malic acid.
• Calyces are high in calcium, niacin, riboflavin, and iron.
• Food value per 100 g of fresh edible portion: Moisture 9.2 g, protein 1.145g. fat 2.61g, fiber 12 g, ash 6.9 g, calcium 1,263 mg, phosphorus 273.2 mg, iron 8.98 mg, carotene 0.029 mg, thiamine 0.117 mg, riboflavin 0.277 mg, niacin 3.765 mg, ascorbic acid 6.7 mg.
• The flowers yield a coloring matter that contain gossypetin, quercetin, hibiscetin and free protocatechuic acid.
• Bitter seeds contain 20% oil with 26% albuminoids.
• Leaves yield oxalic acid.
Properties
• Leaves considered emollient, stomachic, scorbutic and febrifuge.
• Seeds are diuretic and tonic.
• Flowers considered tonic and aperitive.
Parts used
Leaves and flowers.
Uses
Culinary / Nutritional
• Cultivated ornamentally and for the red and fleshy calyces that surround the fruit used for making jellies, wine and other food products. The jam, jelly, and sauce are similar in appearance and taste to cranberries.
• Young leaves used as a substitute for spinach; used in cooking of curries, meat or fish, and the native dish "sinigang."
• In Myanmar, green leaves are the main ingredient in making chin baung kyaw curry.
• Calyces are high in calcium, niacin, riboflavin, and iron.
Folkloric
• Leaves used as emollient.
• Lotion made from leaves used for sores.
• Decoction of seeds used for dysuria and strangury; for mild dyspepsia and debility.
• In Brazil, drink made from the plant, considered refrigerant and used for fevers.
• A a boiled drink prepared from the fruit and calyx, dashed with salt, pepper, asafoetida and molasses, used for biliousness.
• Fruit used as antiscorbutic.
• Seeds are diuretic and tonic.
• In Chad, infusion of calyces used for plethora, bronchitis and coughs.
• Heated leaves applied to cracks in the feet; also, to boils and ulcers to hasten healing and maturation.
• In India seed decoction used for dysuria, strangury and mild dyspepsia.
Others
Fiber: Plant yields bast fiber from the stems; used a jute substitute in making burlap.
Coloring: Plant yields a coloring matter used for food coloring.
Studies
• Antihypertensive: (1) A study evaluating the effect of sour tea (H sabdariffa) on essential hypertension showed significant lowering of both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. (2) Study showed the aqueous seed extract of HS produced a significant reduction in cat blood pressure.
• Antimutagenic: A study of an 80% ethanol extract of roselle showed antimutagenic activity against MAM acetate, a colon carcinogen.
• Antiviral / Anti-Measles Virus: A study of leaf extracts of red and green leaved Hibiscus sabdariffa showed antiviral activities against the Measles Virus.
• Anti-Atherosclerotic / Hypolipidemic: A study of HB extract suggests it inhibits serum lipids and shows and anti-atherosclerotic activity.
• Nephroprotective / Diabetic Nephropathy Amelioration: Study showed HS extract possesses potential effects to ameliorate diabetic nephropathy in STZ induced type 1 diabetic rats via improving oxidative status and regulating Akt/Bad/14-3-3 signaling.
• Galactagogue / Lactogenic Effect: (1) A study showed the seed extract of H sabdariffa possesses lactogenic activity, enhancing serum prolactin level which is the principal lactogenic hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. Results establish the ethnomedical use of the seeds as a galactagogue. (2) Study showed the serum prolactin level of extract-treated rats showed a dose-dependent significant increase when compared to the control group.
• Anti-Hyperammonemia: A study showed administration of extract of HS altered the activities of the liver marker enzymes in ammonium chloride-induced hyperammonemic rats.
• Antioxidant: (1) A study showed the protective role of extract of HS against lipid peroxidation and suggests an antioxidant potential to be used for therapeutic purposes. (2) Study investigated the antioxidant activity of an ethanolic seed extract of H sabdariffa in toxicity induced by chronic administration of sodium nitrate in wistar rats. Results showed alleviation of induced toxicity by the antioxidant effect of HS.
• Hypolipidemic: A study of HS dried calyx ethanolic extract on the serum lipid profile of Sprague-Dawley rats showed triacylglycerols and LDL levels to be significantly less in all groups. All groups had lower cholesterol levels compared to control. No significant results were found on the HDL levels.
• Hepatoprotective: A study of the aqueous ethanol extract of the calyx of Hibiscus sabdariffa on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage showed healing of oxidative liver damage as determined by serum enzyme levels and liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels.
• Anti-Obesity: Study investigated the effect of a calyx extract on fat absorption-excretion and body weight in rats. Results showed a significant increasein the amount of fatty acid in the feces. The components of the Hs extract at the intermediate and higher concentrations could be considered possible antiobesity agents.
• Staining Effect: Roselle extract shows reasonable potential as a candidate nuclear stain especially whe modanted with iron alum or mordanted with potassium alum and acidified with acetic acid.
• Safety Study: Study concludes Hibiscus sabdariffa is probably a safe medicinal plant, short-term administration of the HS did not show harmful effects on body water and electrolyte levels.
• Review / Hypertension Study / No Effect: Current trials of HS in reducing high blood pressure were poor. Four randomized controlled studies do not provide reiable evidence to support recommending HS for the treatment of primary hypertension in adults.
Availability
Wild-crafted.
Cultivated.
Teas and extracts in the cybermarket.
**** gingerwebb.com/blog/hibiscus/
**** USDA PLANTS PROFILE
plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=HISA2
**** HOW TO GROW AND USE TEA HIBISCUS …
www.appalachianfeet.com/2010/02/08/how-to-grow-and-use-te…